How_It_Works_-_Issue_199_2025.pdf

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THE BIRD
BEASTS THAT
TERRORISED
AMERICA
HOW DO I
DO THIS?
WHERE DID I
LEAVE THESE?
INSIDE AN
ESCALATOR
HOW CAR
BRAKES
WORK
WHAT
IS LOVE?
WHY SOME
METALS RUST
HOW MOUNT
RUSHMORE
WAS BUILT
RECORD-BREAKING
TINY TRANSPORTERS
WHY AEROPLANE
TOILETS SUCK
WHO ARE THESE
PEOPLE?
HOW ANIMALS
SEE THE WORLD
ISSUE
199
HOW HUMAN MEMORY WORKS AND WHY YOU
CAN’T ALWAYS TRUST WHAT YOU REMEMBER
AUTONOMOUS
COMBAT VEHICLES
OF THE FUTURE
WELCOME
Issue 199
HOWITWORKSMAG
SCAN HERE TO
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LIVESCIENCE’S
NEWSLETTER
HIGHLIGHTS
31
RATE OF DECAY
How the brain forgets
over time
54
TERROR BIRDS
Natural-born killers of
prehistoric America
HOWITWORKS@FUTURENET.COM
66
REMOTE WORK
Conducting science on
a space station
PAGE 26
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NOW
ost will have had moments when a word
is on the tip of their tongue, yet they
can’t recall what it is. You might have
forgotten an event or an experience in
your past that you were only reminded of by a friend
repeating the details back to you. You might be one
of those forgetful people who regularly
forgets or misremembers dates, facts
and figures – to the chagrin of friends
and relatives. All of these are different
types of memory lapse that are usually
normal and – you’ll be relieved to
hear – completely healthy. In
this issue, we put human and
animal memory under the
microscope to discover
which parts of the brain deal
with storage and ‘pruning’
and how you can improve
your memory.
Enjoy the issue!
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HOW IT WORKS MAGAZINE
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FOLLOW US:
EDITOR
THE SCIENCE
OF LOVE
MICRO
MACHINES
HOW ANIMALS
SEE THE WORLD
WHY WE
FORGET
HOW EARTH
EVOLVED
AGE OF
TERROR
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INSIDE
Issue 199
26
SPECIAL
Why do we forget?
As we navigate life, we
collect masses of souvenirs in the
form of memories. But we can’t keep
all of these forever
52
HISTORY
Age of terror
How terror birds ditched flying
for fast running speeds to become
prolific prehistoric killing machines
34
38
TECHNOLOGY
Inside a self-driving
combat vehicle
56
How Mount Rushmore
was built
This colossal carving of four
presidential faces into a stone cliff took
over a decade to finish
ATLAS is driverless, completely
uncrewed and can navigate the
battlefield a step ahead of troops
How escalators work
Step into the science behind
these moving staircases
58
62
TRANSPORT
Micro machines
50
34
How the smallest cars, trains,
tanks and planes in the world still make
a big impression
40
42
Why do aeroplane
toilets suck?
Car brakes explained
When you’ve got to go, you’ve got to go
– and thanks to toilet technology, this
is possible in the air
This essential safety system
helps drivers stop their cars, even at
high speeds
How this sponge
syringe seals wounds
in seconds
The pocket-sized device that could
make a critical difference between life
and death on the battlefield
64
SPACE
Astronaut Samantha
Cristoforetti
44
50
ENVIRONMENT
How animals see
the world
Emergencies, spacewalks and bossing
it: Europe’s first female commander of
the ISS tells us what being charge of a
space station is like
Take a tour of the world through
the eyes of animals with a very
different perspective
68
74
76
SCIENCE
The science of love
REGULARS
06
Global eye
Science and tech news
from around the world
Discover what makes
humans and other species fall ‘head
over heels’
How Earth evolved
Our planet has never stood
still over billions of years. Slowly, the
continents are shifting under our feet,
with oceans getting wider and
mountains higher
What is rust?
Oxygen has a distinctive effect
22
Wish list
Funky music gadgets
on iron over time, corroding the metal
84
Braindump
Your questions answered
Win!
A SCIENCE
BOX
WORTH OVER
£200
Page 82
Five ways to rebuild
our world
90
Book reviews
92
Brain gym
Give your brain a workout
with our puzzle pages
Following a world-changing
catastrophe, how could you apply
hundreds of years of scientific
knowledge to avert a new dark age?
94
How to…
Grow gummy bears
96
Letters
Have your say
68
98
Fast facts
4
58
64
40
26
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