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The Hidden Language of
Computer Hardware and Software
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S E C O N D
E D I T I O N
CHARLES PETZOLD
Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software: Second Edition
Published with the authorization of Microsoft Corporation by: Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2023 by Charles Petzold.
All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy-
ing, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the
appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Depart-
ment, please visit www.pearson.com/permissions.
No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein.
Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher
and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed
for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-790910-0
ISBN-10: 0-13-790910-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022939292
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Trademarks
Microsoft and the trademarks listed at http://www.microsoft.com on the “Trademarks”
webpage are trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies. All other marks are prop-
erty of their respective owners.
Warning and Disclaimer
Every e ort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but
no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis. The
author, the publisher, and Microsoft Corporation shall have neither liability nor responsi-
bility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the informa-
tion contained in this book or from the use of the programs accompanying it.
Special Sales
For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities
(which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to
your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our
corporate sales department at corpsales@pearsoned.com or (800) 382-3419.
For government sales inquiries, please contact governmentsales@pearsoned.com.
For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact intlcs@pearson.com.
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
About the Author
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
Chapter Ten
Chapter Eleven
Chapter Twelve
Chapter Thirteen
Chapter Fourteen
Chapter Fifteen
Chapter Sixteen
Chapter Seventeen
Chapter Eighteen
Chapter Nineteen
Chapter Twenty
Chapter Twenty-One
Chapter Twenty-Two
Chapter Twenty-Three
Best Friends
Codes and Combinations
Braille and Binary Codes
Anatomy of a Flashlight
Communicating Around Corners
Logic with Switches
Telegraphs and Relays
Relays and Gates
Our Ten Digits
Alternative 10s
Bit by Bit by Bit
Bytes and Hexadecimal
From ASCII to Unicode
Adding with Logic Gates
Is This for Real?
But What About Subtraction?
Feedback and Flip-Flops
Let’s Build a Clock!
An Assemblage of Memory
Automating Arithmetic
The Arithmetic Logic Unit
Registers and Busses
CPU Control Signals
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Chapter Twenty-Four
Chapter Twenty-Five
Chapter Twenty-Six
Chapter Twenty-Seven
Chapter Twenty-Eight
Loops, Jumps, and Calls
Peripherals
The Operating System
Coding
The World Brain
Index
Code
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