Chip-War-Chris-Miller.pdf

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Today’s computers and smartphones run on chips containing billions of microscopic transistors, the tiny electric switches that flip on and off to represent information. As such, they are unfathomably more
capable than the U.S. Army’s ENIAC computer, which was state of the art for 1945. That device contained a mere 18,000 “switches.” (Getty Images)
Bob Noyce (
center) cofounded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 with the goal of building silicon transistors. Also pictured is Noyce’s longtime partner Gordon Moore (far left) as well as Eugene Kleiner (third
from left), who later founded Klei ner Perkins, America’s most powerful venture capital firm. (Wayne Miller/Magnum Photos)
In 1958, Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments built multiple electronic components on a single block of semiconductor material—the first “integrated circuit,” or “chip.” (Dallas Morning News)
Bob Noyce realized it was the civilian computer market, not the military, that would drive chip demand. He aggressively cut prices so that chips could be plugged into civilian computers, fueling the industry’s
growth. (Ted Streshinsky/Getty Images)
The most advanced lithography machines, which are used to pattern millions of microscopic transistors, each far smaller than a human cell, are made by ASML in the Netherlands. Each machine costs well over
$100 million dollars and is built from hundreds of thousands of components. (ASML)
KGB spies Alfred Sarant and Joel Barr, both of whom grew up in New York, defected to the USSR to help build the Soviet computer in dustry. Despite the Soviets’ pilfering, they failed to find the cutting edge.
(Barr Papers/Steven Usdin)

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