New Scientist Essential Guide 13 2022 The Solar System.pdf
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ESSENTIAL
GUIDE№13
HOW THE SUN WORKS
EARTH AND THE MOON
THE PLANETS
THE UNKNOWN SOLAR SYSTEM
EXOPLANETS
AND MORE
THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
A JOURNEY THROUGH OUR COSMIC
NEIGHBOURHOOD – AND BEYOND
EDITED BY
STEPHEN BATTERSBY
NEW
SCIENTIST
ESSENTIAL
GUIDE
THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
UR solar system isn’t much in cosmic terms:
a single star, just one of hundreds of billions
in our galaxy – itself one of many billions in a
practically unending universe – and its retinue
of eight planets and assorted other hangers-on.
And yet what a wonderful place it is, harbour of
many surprises and not a few mysteries. In this 13th
New Scientist Essential Guide,
we will take a peek
behind the bright curtains of the sun’s photosphere
to investigate the mysteries of our star, ask what Earth
and moon tell us about the formation of the solar
system and consider what it would take to send people
to Mars, as well as tour the gas and ice giants of the
outer solar system and frigid moons and beyond. We
will round off by visiting the other planetary systems
we now know exist around other stars, guided by a
central existential question – does life exist elsewhere?
And all this without leaving the ground. All titles in
the
Essential Guide
series can be bought by visiting
shop.newscientist.com; feedback is welcome at
essentialguides@newscientist.com.
Stephen Battersby
O
NEW SCIENTIST ESSENTIAL GUIDES
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+44 (0)203 615 6500
© 2022 NEW SCIENTIST LTD, ENGLAND
NEW SCIENTIST ESSENTIAL GUIDES
ARE PUBLISHED BY NEW SCIENTIST LTD
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DISTRIBUTED BY MARKETFORCE UK LTD
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COVER: NASA/FORPLAYDAY/ISTOCK
SERIES EDITOR
Richard Webb
EDITOR
Stephen Battersby
DESIGN
Craig Mackie
SUBEDITOR
Bethan Ackerley
PRODUCTION AND APP
Joanne Keogh
TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT (APP)
Amardeep Sian
PUBLISHER
Nina Wright
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Emily Wilson
DISPLAY ADVERTISING
+44 (0)203 615 6456
displayads@newscientist.com
ABOUT THE EDITOR
Stephen Battersby is a freelance writer and
New Scientist
consultant
specialising in space, based in London
ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS
Stephen Battersby, Lee Billings, Rebecca Boyle, Macgregor Campbell, Sophia Chen,
Stuart Clark, Keith Cooper, Daniel Cossins, Leah Crane, Will Gater, Lisa Grossman,
Jeff Hecht, Rowan Hooper, Layal Liverpool, Richard A. Lovett, Jason Arunn Murugesu,
Jonathan O’Callaghan, Shannon Palus, John Pickrell, Simon Portegies Zwart,
Sarah Rugheimer, Joshua Sokol, Sean C. Solomon, Natalie Starkey, Colin Stuart,
Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, Richard Webb, Chelsea Whyte, Alex Wilkins
1
| New Scientist Essential Guide | The solar system
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
THE SUN
EARTH AND
THE MOON
THE INNER
PLANETS
The sun dominates the solar system –
in its centre, its source of warmth and
the location of 99.99 per cent of its
mass. Yet for all its dominance, our
home star still holds many mysteries.
p. 6
What powers the sun?
p. 11
The mystery of the solar corona
p. 13
Touching the sun
p. 14
Long-lost solar siblings
Nowhere else in the solar system
does such a huge moon orbit such
a small planet. That could be
connected to another phenomenon,
unique to Earth as far as we know:
the presence of life. But our planet
could hold clues to how the whole
solar system formed.
p. 18
The pale blue dot
p. 21
Goldilocks planet
p. 23
Why the moon matters
p. 26
Going back to the moon
p. 28
When planets migrate
p. 30
The meaning of meteorites
p. 31
Defending Earth
Mercury, Venus and Mars, the three
closest planets to Earth, are all small,
solid worlds. All of them have iron
cores, bound with rock. Yet they are
all spectacularly, intriguingly
different from one another.
p. 36
Mercury: The iron planet
p. 39
Venus: The veiled one
p. 41
Mars: Home from home?
p. 42
A walk on Mars
p. 44
INTERVIEW: Tanja Bosak
Life on the Red Planet
p. 46
How to get to Mars
p. 49
Ceres: Queen of the asteroids
p. 50
INTERVIEW: Lindy Elkins-Tanton
Mission to a metal world
2 | New Scientist Essential Guide | The solar system
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
THE GIANT
PLANETS
JOURNEY
TO THE EDGE
BEYOND
THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
Beyond the asteroid belt, four
heavyweight planets reign: Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Their
powerful gravity has remodelled the
solar system, but their remarkably
diverse moons are perhaps the most
fascinating – not least because they
might harbour life.
Beyond Neptune lies the Kuiper belt,
the dark domain of Pluto and its kin,
plus even more distant ice balls,
interlopers from other star systems
and hints of a distant presence –
perhaps the fabled planet X, perhaps
something stranger still.
p. 76
Pluto: Head of the Kuiper clan
The discovery of exoplanets beyond
our solar system is one of the most
stunning of recent decades. The
remarkable range of alien worlds
and systems we have already found
is making us rethink the history of
our own solar system and expand
our quest for alien life.
p. 54
Jupiter: The ruler
p. 58
The Galilean moons
p. 60
Saturn: The ringmaster
p. 62
Hidden oceans
p. 64
INTERVIEW: Kevin Hand
Life on ice worlds
p. 66
Titan: Methane world
p. 69
Uranus and Neptune:
The ice giants
p. 71
Triton: The cantaloupe moon
p. 72
Probing the outer solar system
p. 79
How to be a planet
p. 80
Comets: A top six
p. 81
Planet X?
p. 83
The Oort cloud
p. 84
‘Ouamuamua:
An interstellar interloper
p. 88
Worlds beyond
p. 90
Five offbeat exoplanets
p. 91
How green is our galaxy?
p. 93
Mission to Proxima Centauri
p. 95
Is our solar system unique?
New Scientist Essential Guide | The solar system | 3
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