Scientific American 2022 10.pdf
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OCTOBER 2022
SCIENTIFICAMERICAN.COM
The Power
of Viking
Women
What new archaeological
discoveries reveal
DE
INSI
Save the Night Sky
Debunking AI Hype
How Gaslighting Works
© 2022 Scientific American
O c tO b e r 2 0 2 2
VO L U M E 3 2 7, N U M B E R 4
62
A R C H A E O LO G Y
E C O LO G Y
28 The Power
of Viking Women
Analyses of ancient North Atlan-
tic textiles show that Viking and
medieval women wielded consid-
erable cultural and economic
influence.
By Francine Russo
M AT H E M AT I C S
46 Saving the Night Sky
How dark sky advocacy went
from a niche cause to a sweeping
environmental movement.
By Joshua Sokol
S O C I O LO G Y
36 Squishy Math
Topology is becoming an indispens-
able tool for data analysis—and
revealing doughnuts in the brain.
By Kelsey Houston-Edwards
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
56 Understanding
Gaslighting
The patterns and powers
that can undermine someone’s
sense of reality.
By Paige L. Sweet
DEFENSE
ON tHe c OVe r
A Viking woman weaves traditional cloth.
Studies of textile remains from archaeological
sites have revealed that women in Viking and
other North Atlantic societies wielded consid
erable influence as a result of their weaving
work. The fabric was used for clothing and
other items but also became a form of currency.
Illustration by chase Stone.
42 Artificial Confidence
Even the newest, buzziest systems
of artificial general intelligence
are stymied by the same old
problems.
By Gary Marcus
62 Testing Nukes
The National Ignition Facility
is designed to ensure that
the U.S. arsenal will work.
By Adam Mann and
Alastair Philip Wiper
Photograph by Alastair Philip Wiper
October 2022, ScientificAmerican.com
1
© 2022 Scientific American
4 From the Editor
6 Letters
8 Science Agenda
Vote for politicians who champion science-based policy,
not those who ignore evidence.
By the Editors
10 Forum
Why scientists in urban environments are the future
of ecology.
By Nyeema C. Harris
12 Advances
8
Learning from hard-headed woodpeckers and shrimp.
A clingy use for mistletoe. The infrared beauty of moth
wings. Elephants’ impressive cancer-fighting strategy.
24 Meter
The poetry of a tree’s seasonal changes.
By Nicola Healey
25 The Science of Health
There’s an alarming rise in diabetes during pregnancy.
By Claudia Wallis
72 Mind Matters
Dominant business leaders, though often admired,
can foster a selfish culture that hurts productivity.
By Hemant Kakkar and Niro Sivanathan
12
74 Reviews
How uncertainty can benefit society. Radical 1970s
sci-fi. Interstellar travel. A collage of consciousness.
Darwin’s biophilia.
By Amy Brady
76 Observatory
Fossil-fuel money will undermine Stanford University’s
new sustainability school.
By Naomi Oreskes
77 50, 100 & 150 Years Ago
By Mark Fischetti
78 Graphic Science
76
A visual tour of a parasite’s multihost life cycle.
By Madhusree Mukerjee and Daisy Chung
Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733), Volume 327, Number 4, October 2022, published monthly by Scientific American, a division of Springer Nature America, Inc., 1 New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, N.Y. 10004-1562.
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Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2022 by Scientific American, a division of Springer Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.
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maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
2
Scientific American, October 2022
© 2022 Scientific American
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