Scientific American 2022 07.pdf

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JULY 2022
SCIENTIFICAMERICAN.COM
Trauma in the
Family Tree
Climate Education
Undermined
New Momentum
in Computing
VOYAGERS’
FINAL
FRONTIER
Two record-breaking
spacecraft reach
interstellar space
© 2022 Scientific American
J u ly 2 0 2 2
VO LU M E 3 2 7, N U M B E R 1
64
S PAC E E X P LO R AT I O N
26 Voyagers to the Stars
The farthest-flung spacecraft in history are entering a new realm—
interstellar space.
By Tim Folger
E D U C AT I O N
42 Climate Miseducation
How oil and gas representatives manipulate the standards for courses
and textbooks, from kindergarten to 12th grade.
By Katie Worth
P S YC H O LO G Y
50 Trauma in the Family Tree
Parents’ adverse experiences leave biological traces in children.
By Rachel Yehuda
E VO L U T I O N
56 Rise of the Toxic Slime
During the world’s worst mass extinction, bacteria and algae devastated rivers
and lakes—a warning for today.
By Chris Mays, Vivi Vajda and Stephen McLoughlin
NASA/ESA/HST Frontier Fields team (STScl)
A S T R O N O MY
64 Cosmic Conflict
A debate over measurements of key cosmological properties is set to shape
the next decade of astrophysics.
By Anil Ananthaswamy
COMPUTER SCIENCE
ON THE C OVE R
The Voyager spacecraft are the longest-
running, farthest-traveling space missions
of all time. After touring the giant planets of
the solar system, they exited the heliosphere—
the domain of the sun’s influence—and
entered interstellar space. Now, after 45 years,
some of their instruments will be turned off,
beginning the end of a spectacular voyage.
Illustration by NASA/JPl-Caltech.
70 Cool Computing
Tomorrow’s computers might break through a canonical boundary
on information processing.
By Philip Ball
July 2022
, ScientificAmerican.com
1
© 2022 Scientific American
4 From the Editor
6 Letters
8 Science Agenda
Asking people to make their homes and businesses
more energy-efficient won’t work without easy-to-
navigate incentives.
By the Editors
10 Forum
Crowdfunding is a huge part of the American safety net,
but it fails far too many people.
By Nora Kenworthy and Mark Igra
10
12 Advances
Mapping dangerous heat islands’ contours. The biggest
biomass swarms in the world. Surprising cells in mam-
mal mouths. How snakes breathe while crushing prey.
24 Meter
The intricacies of light in verse.
By Donna Kane
25 The Science of Health
Why do psychiatric conditions such as depression
multiply the risk of developing dementia later in life?
By Claudia Wallis
74 Mind Matters
12
Reasons kids are afraid to ask for help in school.
By Kayla Good and Alex Shaw
76 Recommended
A future where climate destroyers go to jail. Exploring
numbers tiny and grand. The rich sensory lives of bees.
Martian travel guide.
By Amy Brady
78 Observatory
Science needs to reduce its large carbon footprint.
By Naomi Oreskes
79 50, 100 & 150 Years Ago
By Mark Fischetti
80 Graphic Science
78
Extreme fire and rain often double up because of
climate change.
By Clara Moskowitz and Jen Christiansen
Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733), Volume 327, Number 1, July 2022, published monthly by Scientific American, a division of Springer Nature America, Inc., 1 New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, N.Y. 10004-
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© 2022 Scientific American

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