British Policy and the Nationalist Movement in Egypt, 1914-1924. A political study.pdf

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Majid Salman Hussain
British Policy and the Nationalist Movement in Egypt,
1914–1924
ISLAMKUNDLICHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN • BAND 322
begründet
von Klaus Schwarz
herausgegeben
von Gerd Winkelhane
ISLAMKUNDLICHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN • BAND 322
Majid Salman Hussain
British Policy and the Nationalist
Movement in Egypt, 1914–1924
A Political Study
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliohek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication
in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data
are available in the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de
PhD Thesis at the University of Exeter.
Title: Sa
ʿ
d Zaghlul Pasha (photo of 1918-1920, p.D.)
Alfred Lord Milner, 1. Viscount Milner, (photo of early 1900s, p.D.)
www.klaus-schwarz-verlag.com
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
© 2015 by Klaus Schwarz Verlag GmbH Berlin
First Edition
Producer: J2P Berlin
Printed in Germany on chlorine-free bleached paper
ISBN 978-3-87997-445-0
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................8
System of Transliteration ....................................................................................................9
Introduction .........................................................................................................................10
Chapter one: Egypt’s Political History 1854–1914
.............................................13
1. The Methods of European Penetration in Egypt 1854–1882 ...............................15
The Suez Canal ...............................................................................................................15
The Foreign Debt ............................................................................................................16
European Interference in the Financial Affairs of Egypt ......................................17
a. The Cave Mission ..................................................................................................17
b. Creation of the Commission of Public Debt ...................................................18
c. The Goschen Mission ............................................................................................18
d. The Commission of Inquiry ................................................................................19
2. The Rise of the Egyptian Opposition Groups .........................................................20
3. ʿUrabi’s Revolution ........................................................................................................23
4. The British Occupation of Egypt ................................................................................28
5. The British Policy in Egypt ..........................................................................................30
The Dufferin Mission ....................................................................................................30
The Negotiations between Britain and Ottoman Government ..........................33
The Relationship between the British Authority and the Khedive ....................34
6. The Khedive ʿAbbas II takes Office in Egypt ...........................................................36
The Rapprochement between the Khedive and the English ...............................43
The Denshwai Incident .................................................................................................45
7. The Impact of Gorst’s Policy on the Nationalist Movement ...............................46
8. Lord Kitchener’s Appointment and the Tightening
of British Control of Egypt ..........................................................................................49
Chapter Two:
The Political, Economic and Social Situation in Egypt 1914–1918..............51
1. The Political Situation....................................................................................................52
2. The Economic Situation ................................................................................................63
The Financial Situation .................................................................................................63
Agriculture .......................................................................................................................65
Industry ............................................................................................................................67
Trade ..................................................................................................................................69
a. Internal Trade .........................................................................................................69
b. Foreign Trade ..........................................................................................................70
3. The Social Situation .......................................................................................................71
The Capitalists ................................................................................................................71

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